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Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disease that may affect up to 50% of the adult population and whose incidence, as well as its health and socio-economic burden, continues to rise. OSA is a well-known risk factor for motor vehicle accidents and decreased work performance, and it is frequently accompanied by cardiovascular diseases. The aim of this Special Issue is to focus on the characteristics of OSA in special populations that are less frequently investigated. For this purpose, seven groups of experts in the field of sleep medicine contributed noteworthy manuscripts on this subject. The content of these articles, which include the latest knowledge about the epidemiology, pathophysiology and comorbidities of OSA in special populations, will support all physicians who endeavor to improve their understanding of this disease and can serve as a basis for future research.

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Dental implant treatments are widely used and can be an option for lost teeth. Most treatment alternatives are limited due to bone structure, bone density, and patient’s health condition. This book is focused on simple and complicated clinical cases, different types and designs of implants, and also the way to obtain bone-to-implant contact. We have also sought to assess different biomaterials, bone stimulators, and types of dental implants that can reduce the gap, protect the peri-implant bone, and increase the aesthetics. The relationship of bone formation and biomaterials with dental implants is the key factor in bringing back the full reconstruction of soft and hard tissues. Additionally, the type of materials used for implant development are extremely important, especially in relation to strength and bending forces. The contact and protection of bundle bone with both biomaterials and implants will provide highly predictable success in aesthetics and function.

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Cardiovascular occlusive diseases, such as myocardial infarction or stroke, are still the major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and are, particularly during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, drastically increasing. Arteriogenesis, which describes the process of natural arterial bypass growth, is a tissue- and life-saving process, which is given to us by mother nature to compensate for the function of a stenosed coronary or peripheral artery non-invasively. Since our first investigations on the mechanisms of collateral artery growth, more than 20 years ago, a lot of progress has been made, which we aim to make accessible in the current book. We present the available animal models and share information on the used state of the art techniques. We describe how fluid shear stress, the trigger for arteriogenesis, is translated into biochemical signal transduction cascades, and we also highlight the functional role of extracellular RNA and Il10. We address the problematic features of arteriogenesis in patients suffering from diabetes mellitus, and provide an overview of currently available or potentially therapeutic approaches to promote arteriogenesis in patients. We focus on the combination of ultrasound and microbubbles, the permanent occlusion of the internal mammary arteries, and simple exercise training. We believe that we have come much closer to achieving our goal of understanding the mechanisms of arteriogenesis, enabling clinicians to promote collateral artery growth in patients and cure vascular occlusive diseases.

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Koronavirüs ailesinden olan şiddetli akut solunum sendromu koronavirüs 2 (SARS-CoV-2), 2019 Aralık ayının sonunda Çin’in Wuhan kentinden başlayarak hızla tüm dünyaya yayılmıştır. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından “küresel salgın” olarak ilan edilen ve kaynağı henüz netlik kazanmamış olan virüsün en önemli özelliği hızlı bir şekilde damlacık yoluyla yayılmasıdır. Bu özelliği sayesinde kısa süre içerisinde geniş kitleleri etkilemiş ve dünyanın birçok ülkesinde binlerce ölüme neden olmuş, olmaya da devam etmektedir.Koronavirüsler insanları ve çeşitli hayvan türlerini enfekte edebilen RNA virüsleridir. Koronavirüslerin alfa, beta, gamma ve delta olmak üzere dört farklı cinsi vardır. Alfa ve beta koronavirüs insanları enfekte edebilirken, gamma ve delta koronavirüs sadece hayvanları enfekte edebilmektedir. COVID-19 hastalığına sebep olan “SARS-CoV-2” adlı yeni tip koronavirüs canlıların vücuduna göz, burun veya ağız yoluyla girmekte ve organizmaya giren virüs akciğer gibi solunum yolunda bulunan “ACE2 reseptörü” aracılığıyla hücrelere yapışmaya çalışmaktadır. SARS-CoV-2’nin neden olduğu hastalık Koronavirüs hastalığı-19 (COVID-19) olarak adlandırılmıştır. COVID-19 ismi “CO” ve “VI” koronovirüsten, “D” ingilizcede hastalık anlamına gelen “disease” kelimesinden, 19 ise vakaların görülemeye başlandığı 2019 yılından gelmektedir.Bu kitapta COVID-19 hastalığının farklı boyutları çok değerli öğretim üyelerimiz tarafından kaleme alınmıştır. Tüm yazarlarımıza, bu zor ve stresli dönemde verdikleri katkılarından dolayı teşekkür ediyor, kitabımızı COVID-19 ile savaşırken kaybettiğimiz tüm sağlık çalışanlarına adıyoruz.

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This book contains information for specialists in various fields of science. From the point of view of pharmacology, data are reported regarding the effect of echinochrome A and related metabolites from sea urchins on the survival and functional properties of stem cells, which can facilitate ex vivo application of this compound in medicine. For scientists who isolate and establish structures of marine natural compounds, an article devoted to the proof of the microbial origin of a typical metabolite earlier found exclusively from marine invertebrates, 6-epi-monanchorin, may also be of interest. A range of new marine metabolites was discovered from the both marine invertebrates and marine microorganisms, particularly in marine isolates of fungi. Some marine natural products could be applied to treat such diseases as Parkinson’s disease, ischemic stroke, viral infections, and so on. Magnificamide, a new peptide from sea anemones, inhibits porcine and human saliva amylases, showing its probable antidiabetic properties. Application of the genomic approach was discussed in studies on various marine bacteria, producing marine enzymes with unusual specificity. The lectins capable of recognizing glycoforms of different substrates demonstrate the possibility to be used to elaborate new medical diagnostics.

Medicine